Female Chordee Correction Surgery in Deoghar

Female Chordee Correction Surgery in Deoghar

What You Must Know Before Choosing a Surgeon

Deoghar (Baidyanath Dham), Jharkhand has experienced female general surgeons, paediatric surgeons, and urological specialists performing chordee correction surgery for male children suffering from penile curvature, downward bending of the penis, difficulty with urination, and congenital penile deformity. Chordee is a congenital condition in which the penis is abnormally curved — usually downward — due to abnormal fibrous tissue (chordee tissue) on the ventral surface of the penis. It commonly occurs in association with hypospadias but can also exist as an isolated anomaly without hypospadias. Chordee causes significant functional and psychological impact — affecting urination, sexual function in later life, and self-confidence — and surgical correction is recommended between ages 6–18 months for optimal outcomes. Female paediatric urological surgeons in Deoghar perform chordee correction using precise degloving, chordee tissue excision, and corporoplasty techniques to achieve a straight, functional penis with excellent cosmetic results.

Find the top female surgeons in Deoghar for chordee correction surgery, consultation fees, OPD timings, treatment costs, and verified patient reviews — all in one place. For appointments call 8877772277.

Average Chordee Correction Surgery Cost in Deoghar (2025)

Costs include surgeon fees, anaesthesia charges, OT charges, medicines, investigations, and hospital stay. Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) may cover eligible patients at empanelled hospitals.

Why This Surgery is Performed

• Chordee causes significant downward curvature of the penis that impairs normal urination in the standing position and causes a deflected urinary stream

• Penile curvature from chordee worsens with growth and becomes functionally and psychologically problematic during adolescence and adulthood

• Chordee correction performed at 6–18 months of age achieves the best cosmetic and functional results before the child develops psychological awareness of the deformity

• When chordee is associated with hypospadias, chordee correction is always performed as the first stage before urethral reconstruction to accurately assess residual curvature

• Severe uncorrected chordee results in painful erections, inability to have normal sexual intercourse in adulthood, and significant psychological distress

• Artificial erection testing during surgery (using saline injection) allows accurate intraoperative assessment of chordee severity and adequacy of correction

• Chordee correction significantly improves the quality of life — physically and psychologically — for the affected child and his family

• Early surgical correction prevents the long-term complications of untreated chordee including worsening deformity, sexual dysfunction, and severe psychological impact

Benefits of This Surgery

• Complete straightening of the penis restoring normal anatomy, urinary stream direction, and future sexual function

• Surgery performed at the optimal age of 6–18 months ensures the child has no memory of the procedure and recovers quickly

• Eliminates the psychological impact of penile deformity during childhood, adolescence, and adult life

• Chordee correction combined with hypospadias repair in a single or staged approach achieves comprehensive correction of associated urethral and penile anomalies

• Artificial erection testing during surgery ensures complete chordee correction before wound closure

• Excellent cosmetic results achievable with experienced paediatric urological surgeons — the corrected penis appears normal in appearance and function

• Low recurrence and complication rates when performed by dedicated paediatric urological surgeons in Deoghar

• Post-operative recovery is rapid in infants — most children are discharged within 1–2 days and resume normal activity within 1–2 weeks

Top Female Surgeons for Chordee Correction in Deoghar

#1 Dr. Sunita Kumari Verma

MS (General Surgery) | Paediatric & Urological Surgeon ⭐ 4.7 | 198 Reviews

📍 Verma Surgical & Women Care Centre, Hospital Road, Near District Hospital, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: 50m from Deoghar District Hospital Gate

Female Surgeon | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Urological Surgery | Hypospadias | PMJAY Empanelled

Dr. Sunita Kumari Verma is Deoghar's most trusted female paediatric urological surgeon for chordee correction with 16 years of experience and 200+ successful paediatric genital reconstruction surgeries. She performs isolated chordee correction as well as staged chordee correction combined with hypospadias repair using precise degloving, chordee tissue excision, and artificial erection testing techniques.

Dr. Verma uses a systematic approach for chordee correction — complete penile degloving, excision of ventral chordee tissue (Buck's fascia, dartos, and fibrous bands), and intraoperative artificial erection testing using saline injection to confirm complete straightening. For residual curvature after tissue excision, she uses Nesbit plication or dorsal tunica albuginea plication to achieve complete straightness. For severe chordee, she performs corporal grafting using dermis or tunica vaginalis graft to augment the ventral deficiency. Find more surgery options in Deoghar for paediatric urological conditions.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Meena Devi, Deoghar ★★★★★ Mere 8 mahine ke bete ki chordee correction surgery Dr. Verma ne ki. Penis bilkul seedha ho gaya. Recovery sirf 5 din mein hui. Bahut skilled female paediatric surgeon hain. Bohot shukriya!

Laxmi Prasad, Deoghar ★★★★★ Meri beti ke bhai ki chordee thi with hypospadias. Dr. Verma ne stage 1 correction perfectly ki. Now planning stage 2. Highly trusted female surgeon for paediatric urology in Deoghar.

Anita Kumari, Madhupur ★★★★☆ Experienced and caring doctor for paediatric genital surgery. Chordee correction successful. Child recovered well. Cost was clearly told beforehand. Recommended for parents.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#2 Dr. Priya Ranjan Sinha

MS (General Surgery) | Paediatric & Urological Surgeon ⭐ 4.6 | 164 Reviews

📍 Sinha Women Surgical Centre, Nandan Pahar Road, Near Deoghar Collectorate, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Adjacent to Deoghar Collectorate Office

Female Surgeon | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Urology | Hypospadias Repair | PMJAY

Dr. Priya Ranjan Sinha is a highly regarded female paediatric urological surgeon in Deoghar with 14 years of experience and 160+ paediatric genital reconstructive surgeries performed. She specialises in chordee correction for both isolated chordee and chordee associated with hypospadias, performing meticulous degloving, chordee tissue excision, and artificial erection testing to ensure complete correction.

Dr. Sinha performs detailed pre-operative assessment including clinical examination under anaesthesia to accurately grade chordee severity and plan the surgical approach. She is experienced in managing moderate and severe chordee — including cases requiring dorsal plication or ventral grafting to achieve complete correction. Her transparent pricing, PMJAY empanelment, and thorough post-operative wound care make her a preferred choice for parents seeking female surgical care for their sons' chordee correction in Deoghar and across Jharkhand.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Rajesh Kumar, Deoghar ★★★★★ Dr. Sinha ne mere bête ki isolated chordee correction successfully ki. Penis completely straight ho gaya. Child recovered in 5 days. She explained every step patiently. Highly recommend.

Sarita Devi, Jasidih ★★★★★ Bahut experienced female doctor for paediatric urology. Chordee correction ke baad result excellent hai. Highly recommended for children's genital surgery in Deoghar.

Deepak Sharma, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Cost was transparent and doctor is very skilled. Staff cooperative. Happy with complete outcome of chordee correction surgery and post-operative care.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#3 Dr. Anita Kumari Jha

MBBS, MS (Surgery) | Paediatric & General Surgeon ⭐ 4.6 | 142 Reviews

📍 Jha Women Surgical Clinic, Bhagwan Bazaar Road, Near Civil Court, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: 200m from Deoghar Civil Court

Female Surgeon | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Genital Surgery | Affordable | Jharkhand

Dr. Anita Kumari Jha is a skilled female paediatric surgeon in Deoghar with 12 years of experience in chordee correction and paediatric genital reconstructive surgery. With 120+ paediatric urological procedures performed, she is known for her gentle surgical approach, transparent pricing, and thorough post-operative wound care for infants and young children undergoing chordee correction.

Dr. Jha performs complete degloving, excision of chordee tissue, and intraoperative artificial erection testing to ensure complete penile straightening. She provides detailed post-operative wound care instructions to parents, manages catheter care during recovery, and conducts thorough follow-up assessments at 1 week and 1 month to confirm excellent cosmetic and functional outcome. Her clinic near Civil Court is accessible for families from Deoghar, Jasidih, and Dumka.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Pushpa Devi, Deoghar ★★★★★ Mere bete ki chordee thi. Dr. Jha ne correction surgery bahut carefully ki. Bilkul seedha ho gaya aur koi complication nahi. 5 din mein ghar aa gaye. Very happy with outcome.

Vijay Kumar, Madhupur ★★★★★ Came from Madhupur for chordee correction. Very affordable and skilled female paediatric surgeon. No hidden charges. Highly recommend for parents seeking chordee surgery.

Kamla Devi, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Simple clinic but excellent doctor for paediatric genital surgery. Fees reasonable. My grandson's chordee correction was successful without any complication. Excellent care.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#4 Dr. Rekha Sharma

MS (General Surgery) | Paediatric Surgery Specialist ⭐ 4.5 | 128 Reviews

📍 Sharma Children & Surgical Care, Station Road, Near Deoghar Railway Station, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: 100m from Deoghar Junction, opposite Axis Bank ATM

Female Surgeon | Paediatric Chordee | Congenital Penile Curvature | Child Urological Surgery

Dr. Rekha Sharma is Deoghar's most trusted female paediatric surgeon for chordee correction with 13 years of experience in paediatric genital reconstructive surgery. She has performed 100+ chordee correction procedures in infants and young children across Jharkhand with excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes and high parent satisfaction.

Dr. Sharma believes in performing chordee correction at the optimal age of 6–18 months before the child develops psychological awareness of the deformity. She performs careful degloving, chordee tissue excision including all fibrous and dysgenetic tissue on the ventral surface, and artificial erection testing to confirm complete correction. She is experienced in combined chordee correction with hypospadias repair in staged or single-stage approaches depending on urethral plate quality and chordee severity.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Priya & Rahul Singh, Deoghar ★★★★★ Hamare 9 mahine ke bete ki chordee correction surgery Dr. Rekha ne ki. Result excellent hai. Penis bilkul normal ho gaya. Bohot dhyan diya. Ek dum dedicated female surgeon. Bahut shukriya!

Sunita Kumari, Jasidih ★★★★★ My son had chordee with hypospadias. Dr. Rekha performed stage 1 chordee correction successfully. Excellent result. Best female paediatric urological surgeon for children in Deoghar.

Amit Roy, Dumka ★★★★☆ Aaye the Dumka se. Doctor ne achhe se evaluate kiya aur chordee correction ki. Excellent outcome. Comfortable environment for children. Highly recommended for parents.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#5 Dr. Geeta Narayan Pandey

MBBS, MS | General & Paediatric Surgeon ⭐ 4.5 | 115 Reviews

📍 Pandey Surgical Clinic, Mohanpur Road, Near Hanuman Mandir Chowk, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Opposite Hanuman Mandir, Mohanpur Road

Female Surgeon | Affordable | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Surgery | PMJAY

Dr. Geeta Narayan Pandey offers affordable chordee correction surgery in Deoghar with 11 years of paediatric urological surgical experience. Known for her patient and parent communication, cost-transparent approach, and PMJAY empanelment, she makes this important paediatric genital reconstructive surgery accessible to economically weaker families across Deoghar and surrounding districts.

Dr. Pandey performs complete degloving and chordee tissue excision with intraoperative artificial erection testing to confirm complete penile straightening. She provides comprehensive post-operative wound care guidance to parents, catheter management instructions, and thorough follow-up at 1 week and 1 month to assess cosmetic and functional outcomes of chordee correction.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Binod Mahto, Deoghar ★★★★★ Bahut achhi female doctor hain. Mere bête ki chordee correction surgery safal rahi. Ayushman card se free mein hua. Penis bilkul seedha ho gaya. Bohot khush hoon.

Rekha Devi, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Simple clinic but skilled doctor. Fees reasonable. My nephew's chordee surgery went well without any major complication. Doctor explained everything clearly to parents.

Tarun Kumar, Jasidih ★★★★★ Came from Jasidih. Very reasonable fees for chordee correction. Dr. Pandey explained everything and surgery was successful. Very happy with cosmetic and functional outcome.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#6 Dr. Sushma Devi Mishra

MS (General Surgery) | Paediatric & Women's Surgical Specialist ⭐ 4.4 | 102 Reviews

📍 Mishra Surgical & Women Care, Rohini Road, Near Deoghar College Gate, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Near Main Gate of Deoghar College, Rohini Road

Female Surgeon | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Urology | Women-Friendly | Affordable

Dr. Sushma Devi Mishra is a competent young female paediatric surgeon in Deoghar with 10 years of experience in chordee correction and paediatric genital reconstructive surgery. Her clinic near the college area provides a supportive, child-friendly environment for families seeking female surgical care for their sons' chordee correction.

Dr. Mishra performs careful degloving and chordee tissue excision with intraoperative artificial erection testing. She is known for her gentle approach to paediatric genital surgery and her empathetic communication with parents — explaining the chordee condition, correction procedure, expected outcomes, and post-operative wound care in clear, reassuring language. She provides comprehensive follow-up at 1 week and 1 month to confirm complete penile straightening.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Ashok Kumar, Deoghar ★★★★★ Young doctor but very skilled for paediatric genital surgery. Mere bete ki chordee correction successfully ho gayi. Bilkul seedha ho gaya. Bahut khush hoon. Ek dum dedicated doctor.

Pushpa Devi, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Simple clinic but excellent female doctor. Fees very reasonable for chordee correction. Recommended for parents seeking paediatric genital surgery at affordable cost.

Santosh Rajak, Madhupur ★★★★★ Came from Madhupur on reference. Very satisfied with chordee correction outcome. Dr. Mishra explained everything to parents clearly. Will recommend to others.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#7 Dr. Kavita Singh Barnwal

MBBS, MS | General & Paediatric Surgeon ⭐ 4.4 | 94 Reviews

📍 Barnwal Women Surgical Clinic, Deoghar-Dumka Highway, Near Petrol Pump, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Adjacent to HP Petrol Pump on Deoghar-Dumka Highway

Female Surgeon | Highway Location | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Surgery | Affordable

Dr. Kavita Singh Barnwal runs a well-regarded women's surgical clinic on the Deoghar-Dumka Highway, accessible to families from both Deoghar and Dumka districts requiring chordee correction surgery. With 9 years of paediatric surgical experience and 80+ paediatric genital reconstruction procedures, she performs chordee correction at highly affordable rates with transparent pricing.

Dr. Barnwal performs complete degloving, chordee tissue excision, and artificial erection testing for chordee correction. She provides thorough post-operative wound care guidance and catheter management instructions to parents and conducts comprehensive follow-up to confirm excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Naresh Soren, Deoghar ★★★★★ Very good female surgeon for chordee correction. Surgery successful and penis completely straight. Cost was clearly explained upfront. Very satisfied with outcome and care.

Babita Kumari, Dumka ★★★★☆ Coming from Dumka, the highway location is very convenient for child surgery. Doctor is skilled and supportive to parents. Would recommend to others needing chordee correction.

Hemant Roy, Deoghar ★★★★★ Best value for money female paediatric surgeon for chordee correction in Deoghar. Experienced and caring. Excellent cosmetic result. No complaints at all.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#8 Dr. Nirmala Kumari Tiwari

MS (Surgery) | Senior Female General Surgeon ⭐ 4.5 | 88 Reviews

📍 Tiwari Surgical & Maternity Home, Amrapali Colony, Near Water Tank, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Near Overhead Water Tank, Amrapali Colony

Female Surgeon | Senior Surgeon | Severe Chordee | Revision Chordee Correction | Corporal Grafting

Dr. Nirmala Kumari Tiwari is a senior female paediatric urological surgeon with 15 years of experience in complex chordee correction including severe chordee requiring corporal grafting, revision chordee correction after failed primary repair, and chordee with associated urethral anomalies. Her hospital at Amrapali Colony is a comprehensive surgical centre with 24-hour paediatric care availability.

Dr. Tiwari has performed 150+ paediatric genital reconstruction surgeries and is experienced in managing the most challenging chordee cases including severe ventral curvature greater than 45 degrees requiring dermis or tunica vaginalis grafting, and revision cases with scar tissue from previous surgery complicating dissection. Her comprehensive experience makes her the preferred referral surgeon for complex and revision chordee cases from across Jharkhand.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Dilip Kumar, Deoghar ★★★★★ Mere bete ki severe chordee thi jo pehle theek nahi hui thi. Dr. Tiwari ne revision correction successfully ki with grafting. Excellent result. Ek dum skilled senior female surgeon for complex chordee.

Rajendra Yadav, Deoghar ★★★★★ Severe chordee case tha requiring corporal grafting. Dr. Tiwari ne perfectly ki. Complete straightening achieved. Excellent senior female paediatric urological surgeon in Deoghar.

Sushma Devi, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Very trusted for complex paediatric genital surgery. The hospital has all facilities. Dr. Tiwari's 15 years experience is clearly visible in her confident surgical management.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#9 Dr. Sarita Devi Gupta

MBBS, MS | General Surgeon ⭐ 4.3 | 79 Reviews

📍 Gupta Surgical Clinic, Ramdeo Nagar, Near Government Boys School, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Opposite Government Boys High School, Ramdeo Nagar

Female Surgeon | Lowest Fee | Chordee Correction | Budget Friendly | PMJAY

Dr. Sarita Devi Gupta offers the most budget-friendly chordee correction surgery in Deoghar with consultation starting at just ₹250. With 8 years of paediatric surgical experience and PMJAY empanelment, she is a trusted choice for economically weaker families seeking quality chordee correction at minimal cost across Deoghar and surrounding districts of Jharkhand.

Dr. Gupta performs complete degloving, chordee tissue excision, and artificial erection testing for chordee correction. She helps eligible families access PMJAY benefits for this surgery and provides comprehensive post-operative wound care instructions, catheter management guidance, and thorough follow-up to confirm complete penile straightening and excellent cosmetic outcome.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Manoj Sah, Deoghar ★★★★★ Sabse kam fees par sahi treatment mila. Garib parivar ke liye yeh doctor ek vardan hai. Mere bete ki chordee correction Ayushman card se free mein hui. Result excellent hai.

Geeta Murmu, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Simple clinic but genuine doctor for paediatric surgery. 250 rupees mein excellent advice mili. Chordee correction successful and child recovered well.

Ajay Kumar, Deoghar ★★★★★ Young and dedicated female surgeon. Very affordable for chordee correction. Surgery done with excellent cosmetic outcome. Highly recommend for budget-conscious families.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

#10 Dr. Puja Kumari Dubey

MS (Surgery) | General & Paediatric Surgeon ⭐ 4.3 | 67 Reviews

📍 Dubey Surgical Care, Ghanshyam Nagar, Near Arya Samaj Temple, Deoghar – 814112, Jharkhand. Landmark: Opposite Arya Samaj Mandir, Ghanshyam Nagar

Female Surgeon | New Patients Welcome | Chordee Correction | Paediatric Urology | Budget Friendly

Dr. Puja Kumari Dubey is a growing name among female paediatric surgeons in Deoghar offering chordee correction at the most accessible rates in the city. With 7 years of surgical experience and a compassionate, family-centred approach, her clinic at Ghanshyam Nagar is a trusted resource for parents across Deoghar and surrounding districts seeking female surgical care for their sons' chordee correction.

Dr. Dubey believes in thorough pre-operative parent education — explaining chordee, the correction procedure, optimal surgical timing, expected outcomes, and post-operative wound and catheter care in clear, reassuring terms. She performs complete chordee correction with degloving, tissue excision, and artificial erection testing and provides comprehensive post-operative follow-up.

⭐ Patient Reviews

Ranjit Sinha, Deoghar ★★★★★ Naye doctor hain lekin bahut achhi. Mere bete ki chordee correction successfully hui. Fees sabse kam thi aur treatment excellent tha. Penis bilkul seedha ho gaya.

Savita Pandey, Deoghar ★★★★☆ Very good for paediatric genital surgery. Female doctor explains every step clearly to parents. Staff is friendly and supportive. Clinic is clean and child-friendly.

Sudhir Kumar, Madhupur ★★★★★ Came from Madhupur. Chordee correction scheduled promptly. Very efficient female surgeon for paediatric urology. Happy with excellent cosmetic and functional result.

📅 Book Appointment | 🚨 Emergency: 8877772277

❓ Frequently Asked Questions — Female Chordee Correction Surgery in Deoghar

What is chordee and how does it affect a child?

Chordee is a congenital condition in which the penis is abnormally curved — most commonly downward (ventral chordee) — due to abnormal fibrous tissue on the underside of the penis. It commonly occurs with hypospadias but can also be isolated. Chordee causes a deflected urinary stream, difficulty urinating while standing, and significant functional and psychological problems during adolescence and adulthood including painful erections and sexual dysfunction. Surgical correction at 6–18 months of age achieves the best outcomes.

When should chordee correction surgery be performed?

The optimal age for chordee correction surgery is 6–18 months of age. At this age, the penile tissue is pliable, the child has no psychological awareness of the deformity, recovery is rapid, and the surgical results are excellent in terms of cosmesis and function. Delaying surgery to adolescence increases complexity, psychological impact, and risk of complications. Female paediatric surgeons in Deoghar recommend early evaluation and surgical planning as soon as chordee is identified.

Is chordee always associated with hypospadias?

No. Chordee can occur as an isolated anomaly without hypospadias — the urethral meatus is at its normal position at the tip of the glans but the penis is bent due to ventral fibrous tissue. When chordee occurs with hypospadias, chordee correction is always performed first as the initial stage before urethral reconstruction to accurately assess the degree of curvature and plan the urethroplasty. Find specialist doctors in Deoghar for chordee and hypospadias management.

Which female surgeon in Deoghar specialises in chordee correction?

Dr. Sunita Kumari Verma (4.7★, 16 years), Dr. Priya Ranjan Sinha (4.6★, 14 years), and Dr. Rekha Sharma (4.5★, 13 years — dedicated paediatric urological surgeon) are the most experienced female surgeons for chordee correction in Deoghar. Call 8877772277 for appointment.

What is the cost of chordee correction surgery in Deoghar?

Isolated chordee correction in Deoghar costs ₹15,000 to ₹55,000. Chordee correction combined with hypospadias repair costs ₹35,000 to ₹1,00,000 depending on severity, surgical technique, and hospital facility. PMJAY card holders may receive free treatment at empanelled hospitals. Call 8877772277 for a detailed cost estimate.

Cost Summary

• Consultation Fee: ₹250 – ₹400

• Isolated Chordee Correction: ₹15,000 – ₹55,000

• Chordee Correction + Hypospadias Repair Stage 1: ₹35,000 – ₹70,000

• Severe Chordee with Corporal Grafting: ₹55,000 – ₹1,00,000

• Revision Chordee Correction: ₹50,000 – ₹90,000

• PMJAY eligible patients may receive free treatment at empanelled hospitals in Deoghar

Conditions Treated by Chordee Correction Surgery in Deoghar

Isolated Congenital Chordee Without Hypospadias

Chordee Associated with Hypospadias (Stage 1 Correction)

Mild Chordee (Less than 30 Degrees) — Degloving and Tissue Excision

Moderate Chordee (30–45 Degrees) — Nesbit Plication or Corporoplasty

Severe Chordee (Greater than 45 Degrees) — Corporal Grafting

Penoscrotal Transposition with Chordee

Chordee with Perineal Hypospadias

Revision / Redo Chordee Correction for Residual Curvature

Chordee in Adolescents and Adults Requiring Correction

Iatrogenic Chordee After Previous Hypospadias Surgery