Mpox (Monkeypox): Understanding the Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that might sound alarming, but understanding it is the first step towards managing and preventing its spread. While it might be new to many of us globally, scientists have known about it since 1958. The first human case was identified back in 1970. For a long time, mpox was mostly found in parts of central and western Africa. However, recent global outbreaks have brought it into the spotlight worldwide, including in regions where it was previously uncommon. The World Health Organization (WHO) wisely decided to change the name from “monkeypox” to “mpox” in November 2022. This was a thoughtful move to help reduce any potential stigma or misunderstanding associated with the disease. So, from now on, we'll be using “mpox” where possible.

Mpox shares similarities with smallpox, but it's generally considered milder. It's a zoonotic disease, which means it can pass between animals and humans, and also between humans themselves. The virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. It's caused by the mpox virus, and there are two main types: the West African virus and the Congo Basin virus. The West African strain is the one responsible for the recent global outbreaks, and thankfully, it has a very high survival rate, with about 99% of infected individuals recovering.

What Are the Symptoms of Mpox?

When you contract the mpox virus, symptoms typically start to show between 6 to 13 days after exposure. This incubation period can sometimes be a bit longer, ranging from 5 to 21 days. The first sign is often a fever. Soon after, you might notice your lymph nodes swelling – this is medically known as lymphadenopathy. Other flu-like symptoms can also accompany the fever.

The characteristic rash of mpox usually appears 1 to 3 days after the fever starts, though in some cases, it might appear before or even be the only symptom. This rash is quite distinctive and goes through several stages:

1. Macules: These are flat, discolored spots.
2. Papules: Small, raised bumps appear.
3. Vesicles: These are fluid-filled blisters.
4. Pustules: The blisters fill with yellowish fluid, looking like pimples.
5. Scabs: Finally, the pustules dry out and form scabs, which eventually fall off.

The lesions can appear anywhere on the body, but they are often found on or near the genitals, anus, face, and extremities like the hands and feet. In some people, the rash might be mild, while in others, it can be more widespread and painful. The entire illness generally lasts about 2 to 4 weeks and usually resolves on its own without needing specific medical treatment.

What Causes Mpox?

As mentioned, mpox is caused by the mpox virus. This virus is transmitted in a few primary ways:

Animal-to-Human Transmission:

This happens through direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or lesions of infected animals. Animals like certain rodents and non-human primates can carry the virus.

Human-to-Human Transmission:

This is the more common route of spread in recent outbreaks and can occur through:

• Direct contact with the rash, scabs, or bodily fluids of an infected person. This includes touching the lesions.
• Respiratory droplets: Prolonged face-to-face contact can lead to transmission through droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Living in the same household as someone with mpox increases this risk.
• Contact with contaminated materials: This includes touching items like clothing, bedding, or surfaces that have been in contact with an infected person's lesions or bodily fluids.
• Intimate contact: Sexual contact, including kissing, hugging, and touching genitals or the anus, significantly increases the risk of transmission. Sharing sex toys or linens used by an infected person can also spread the virus.

Pregnant individuals can also transmit the virus to their fetus through the placenta.

Diagnosis of Mpox

If you suspect you might have mpox, seeing a doctor is essential. Diagnosis usually involves:

• Physical Examination: Your doctor will look for the characteristic rash and other symptoms like fever and swollen lymph nodes.
• Medical History: They will ask about your recent activities, potential exposures, and travel history.
• Laboratory Tests: The most reliable way to confirm mpox is through laboratory testing. A sample from a skin lesion (like a swab from a blister or pustule) is sent to a lab for PCR testing to detect the mpox virus DNA. Blood tests might also be used, but lesion swabs are generally preferred for definitive diagnosis.

It’s important to get tested if you have symptoms, especially if you’ve had close contact with someone diagnosed with mpox or have engaged in activities that put you at higher risk.

Treatment for Mpox

For most people, mpox symptoms are mild and resolve on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. There isn't a specific cure for mpox, but supportive care is key.

• Symptom Management: This includes pain relief for lesions and fever reducers like paracetamol or ibuprofen. Keeping the rash clean and dry can help prevent secondary bacterial infections.
• Antiviral Medications: In cases of severe illness or for individuals with weakened immune systems, antiviral drugs like tecovirimat (TPOXX) might be prescribed. These are typically used under the guidance of public health authorities.
• Preventing Secondary Infections: Your doctor might recommend antibiotics if a bacterial infection develops in the lesions.

It's vital to follow your doctor's advice closely and isolate yourself to prevent spreading the virus to others.

Preventing Mpox

Prevention is always better than cure! Here’s how you can reduce your risk:

• Avoid close contact with people who have mpox symptoms or have been diagnosed with the illness.
• Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after contact with potentially infected individuals or surfaces.
• Avoid sharing personal items like bedding, towels, or clothing with someone who has mpox.
• Be mindful during intimate contact: If you or your partner have a rash or other mpox symptoms, avoid sexual activity. Consider discussing mpox risks with your partners.
• Vaccination: Vaccines are available for mpox, particularly for individuals at higher risk of exposure. Talk to your healthcare provider about whether vaccination is right for you.
• Safe practices: In settings where mpox is circulating, be cautious about close physical contact, especially skin-to-skin contact, in crowded environments or places where there's a high number of sexual partners.

When to Consult a Doctor

You should consult a doctor immediately if:

• You develop a new, unexplained rash.
• You have symptoms consistent with mpox, such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash.
• You have recently been in close contact with someone diagnosed with mpox.
• You are concerned about your risk of mpox exposure.

Early diagnosis and care can help manage the illness and prevent its spread. Don't hesitate to seek medical advice if you have any concerns.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Is Mpox the same as Smallpox?

No, mpox is not the same as smallpox, although they are related viruses. Mpox is generally milder than smallpox, and its symptoms, like swollen lymph nodes, are more distinct. Smallpox has been eradicated globally, while mpox is still circulating.

Can Mpox be Fatal?

Mpox is rarely fatal, especially the West African strain responsible for current global outbreaks. About 99% of people infected with this strain survive. However, severe cases can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions.

How Long is Someone with Mpox Contagious?

A person with mpox is contagious from the time symptoms appear until all the lesions have scabbed over, the scabs have fallen off, and a fresh layer of skin has formed underneath. This entire process can take several weeks.

Can Pets Get Mpox?

Yes, mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread between animals and humans. While most human cases stem from human-to-human transmission, it's possible for pets, particularly rodents and non-human primates, to contract the virus from an infected human. It's advisable to avoid close contact with pets if you have mpox.